Critical rationalism faces difficulty in Karl Popper’s Socratic formulation: “I may be wrong, and you may be right, and by an effort, we may find the truth.” But the Socratic elenchus, using refutations, can only give us negative knowledge of general principles, which is not the wisdom we seek. Affirmatively, we can only find a collection of opinions to be coherent, which is one of many. Francis Bacon proposed an improved elenchus to find general truths. You must take up a limited topic to study, then cross-examine your evidence for and against its apparent nature. Experiments contrary to evidence and presumed knowledge are entered as self-contradictions in tables of opposition recorded in an “experimental and natural history.” Such an account highlights a challenging puzzle if the account is to be made coherent. With enough problematized evidence, a coherent reading, or a solution of the puzzle, will be unique. Being both coherent and unique, it will be the truth about that limited reality being investigated. Unlike the method of hypothesis (“Anticipating Nature”), deciphering a coherent model is “Interpreting Nature,” allowing us to find a general truth on a limited topic. Isaac Newton achieved great success using Robert Boyle’s mechanistic version of this method. Using the “experimental philosophy,” he discovered general principles of optics and astronomy.

There are wide ranges of evidence show that self-interest is not unique motivation in various games and experiments. Fairness, reciprocity, competition and altruism can take substantial role in some game. To explain contrary result of experiments some models arise by considering those motivations beside the selfishness. This study explores three types of these models. Two of them are based on fairness and last one supposes that subjects are surplus maximizer. A distributional experiment based on dictator game is established to explore models. Results show fairness motivation has main rule in subject’ s choice in all treatments. However it is impossible to ignore self-interest and efficiency entirely.

Background and Aim: In patients with complete denture, some clinicians have used modelling plastic impression compound (MPIC) along tissue conditioner (TC) materials simultaneously. Little information is available on the composition of these materials and the interaction between them. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of two components of MPIC on the structure and chemical composition of TC.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, MPIC specimens were provided in 25×2 mm discs. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups and were immersed in ethanol 70%, plasticizer (dibutyl phthalate) and a mixture of them (ethanol 70% and dibutyl phthalate). All of the discs were weighed with a digital balance before and 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours after immersion. Values were analyzed by non parametric Kruskal-Wallis (a= 0.05) and SPSS 16 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis.Results: Statistical analysis indicated significant differences among all groups (p>.05).Conclusion: Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) had high impact on the solubility of MP, while the mixture of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and ethanol demonstrated the highest impact.

In this paper the performance characteristics of a turbocharger twin-entry radial inflow gas turbine with asymmetrical volute and rotor tip diameter of 73.6 mm in steady state and under full and partial admission conditions are investigated. The employed method is based on one dimensional performance prediction which is developed for partial admission conditions. Furthermore, this method is developed for the asymmetrical volute of the turbine considering the flow specifications. experimental investigation of the research was carried out on special test facilities under full and partial admission conditions for a wide range of speeds. A comparison of experimental and modeling results shows good agreement. Interestingly, the turbine maximum efficiency occurs when the shroud side inlet mass flow is higher than that of the hub side.

Tension leg platform is a compliant structure with vertical moorings and added buoyancy force. In this paper, effective parameters on experimental modeling of TLPs have been investigat. experimental modeling with correct scale factor has been done in Sharif University of Technology marine engineering laboratory test basin. deep water simulation capability were discussed and finally the model, launched in the basin. Pretension modeling is another conceptual component that could be easily analyzed. Ultimately Sea keeping results of ISSC TLP model duo to the regular laboratory waves with different heading angles and two amplitudes were extracted. The main purpose is ISSC TLP frequency response and surge beating analysis by model testing.

Background and Aim: There are different methods of oral health education for child population. Theater show is a method that has not received enough attention until now. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using theater show on dental health education in Yazd female elementary students.Materials and Methods: This was a quasi experimental study performed by using pre- and post-test method in Iran over the year 2004. One elementary school from each region of the city was selected. Twenty students from each grade of each school were included in the study (n=200). The information on knowledge, attitudes and practice of oral health were collected by using a valid and reliable questionnaire before and after theater show performance. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Wilcoxon signed rank test.Results: This study showed that the theater show could improve knowledge, attitude and proper oral health practice of children. The effect of the theater show on knowledge was more than attitude and was more on attitude than practice (P<0.001). Only literacy on the part of mothers was significantly correlated with practice (P=0.021). There were significant correlations between Knowledge (P=0.020), Attitude (P=0.0001) and oral health Practice (P=0.022) with students' grade level.Conclusion: This study showed that using theater show for oral health education, could improve the oral health related knowledge, attitude and proper oral health practice by elementary school students.

Asphaltene precipitation may occur during pressure depletion or gas injection processes in a reservoir. This phenomenon is an important problem during oil production, because it can result in formation damage and the plugging of wellbore and surface facilities. In this work, the precipitation of asphaltenes in an Iranian crude oil, under different pressures, is measured, using an experimental set up based on high-pressure isothermal expansion and also atmospheric titration. For the particular oil investigated, compositional data, precipitation phase diagrams, and bubble point and onset pressures are reported. Also, in this work, the Perturbed Chain form of the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT), the Solid model and the Flory-Huggins model are used, to correlate onset pressures and solvent ratios at the onset point of precipitation for different solvents. The results show that the PC-SAFT EOS correlates more accurately with the experimental results over a wide composition interval.

Although many studies have been carried out about dam break, this phenomenon still is one of the most important issues in the field of hydraulic engineering due to its hazards to human societies. Predicting the critical conditions including coincidence of flooding and dam break indicates more field studies requirement. In this research the mutual effects of coincidence of negative surge due to dam break and flash flood has been studied using under different stored water levels. In addition, the effects of bed slope, existence of reservoir sediment and different initial reservoir depth have also been studied. Due to unsteady condition of flow, the stereoscopy method was employed to measure the hydraulic parameters such as depth. Using two digital cameras, results showed that by increasing the initial depth in dam's reservoir and channel slope, the reservoir would evacuate faster. Furthermore, sediments in which act like step in the flow direction can cause an increase in speed of the positive surge toward downstream. In addition by increasing the maximum of flow rate and base time of hydrographs, water rise in downstream was monitored as well.

Lighting is the largest portion of electricity consumption in developing countries specially in peak hours. One of the main major policies of all electricity producing companies is to reduce lighting consumption in peak hours. One way of achieving to this goal is to encourage the consumers to use compact florescent lamps. CFLs introduce the problem of distortion in power systems and may lower the power quality. ElectricitY producers are eager to know the following points about using this lamps:1. How this lamps distort the current waveform and to what extent?2. How this lamps influence the neutral line current?3. How much they increase the THD of system's voltage?4. Is it beneficial to use these lamps regarding the distortion problem?The goal of this paper is to find answers to the above mentioned questions by experimental modeling of combination of CFLs, TVs, refrigerators and incandescent lamps.